A guide to primary vs secondary market research: The differences and how to conduct them

It’s time to freshen up your research skills, marketers. Before you dive head first into another market research project for a new product, campaign or even an entirely new business, let’s set the record straight on how to do it the right way—so your decisions are all the more well-informed. 

Because market research comes with a long list of benefits—but only if you conduct it correctly. One wrong assumption or step skipped in your process could clutter or blur the data you’ll be using to base very important decisions on. 

If you do get it right, you’ll end up with information that helps you perfect your product and marketing, that convinces investors to bet their money on you and that shapes your business to be successful. And that’s what we’re going for.

So in this article, we’ll explain how you use primary and secondary market research. We’ll give it a clear definition, lay out how to do it, and we’ll point out some things to be careful of. 

Ready? Set… Research!

TL;DR

• Primary research gives you first-hand insights collected directly from your target audience and is best when you need fresh specific answers.
• Secondary research uses existing data and reports to validate assumptions, explore trends and save time and budget.
• The most effective strategies combine both methods using secondary research to guide hypotheses and primary research to fill data gaps.
• Always vet your sources because outdated or misaligned data can lead to inaccurate conclusions and poor decisions.
• With platforms like Attest you can collect reliable primary insights quickly and confidently using data you can trust to guide smarter business moves.

Primary vs secondary market research: What’s the difference?

Primary and secondary market research differ by who collects the data and where it comes from.

➡️ Primary research means gathering new information directly from the source—usually your target audience, customers or market participants. You design the questions, collect the data and own the results. Many brands use market research services like Attest to do this quickly and accurately.

➡️ Secondary research uses data that already exists. It draws on insights collected by others, such as government reports, academic studies or industry publications.

Sometimes, the same dataset can shift from primary to secondary depending on how it’s used. If someone else collects it first and you use it later for a new purpose, it becomes secondary research.

Both methods can be qualitative or quantitative, and the best strategies often combine them. Mixing both lets you cross-check findings, fill gaps and strengthen the reliability of your insights.

We’ve broken down the key differences below:

Comparison: Primary vs secondary market research	Primary research	Secondary research
Source of data	Directly from consumers, suppliers, or market participants	Existing studies, reports, or public data
Data collection	You conduct it yourself or hire someone to do it for you	You collect data others have already gathered
Relevance	Highly specific to your research questions	May not be perfectly aligned with your needs
Timeliness	Up-to-date, reflects current market conditions	May be outdated depending on publication date
Cost	Typically higher cost (time and money)	Generally lower cost or free
Control	Full control over methodology and questions	No control over how data was collected
Examples	Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations	Government reports, published studies, books

Primary market research

Primary market research is research you carry out yourself and gather from the source of information, like consumers, sellers, suppliers or anyone else in the market.

You—or your internal or external research team—collect data from these sources directly. You get raw data and interpret this yourself, and it will be collected specifically for your research needs. 

Benefits of primary research

There are three key benefits of conducting primary research:

✔️ Get answers that are truly relevant

If you have a super-specific question about how consumers in a specific segment shop for your product category, you’d be very lucky to find the answers in someone else’s research.

With primary research, you determine which questions are asked and to whom, so it is incredibly relevant for your research goals.

✔️ Capture insights that are up to date

A lot of markets are changing faster than ever, and trends come and go (thanks, TikTok). Primary research allows you to do research in a moment that matters to you.

Especially in this AI-accelerated economy, consumer behaviors can shift dramatically in just months, if not weeks. What was true about digital adoption or shopping preferences in 2024 might be completely different by 2026.

Conducting your own primary research, in a timely and ideally continuous way, avoids pitfalls like this.

✔️ Ownership and control over data

Can you trust a source? That’s always the question when using secondary research. With primary research, you have full transparency on how it was collected and you can make decisions based on it with confidence.

How to conduct primary market research

So, what’s the best way to collect data straight from the source, whether you’re brand tracking or copy testing?

There are several ways to go about this. You can mix and match the primary research methods below to gather data for your particular research project.  

Surveys

Probably the most used primary research method in market research is surveys. Nowadays, that’s mostly online surveys, but anyone who studied marketing before 2010 likely still remembers having to conduct surveys on paper in their local supermarket for a project.

The benefit of surveys, especially online, is that they are a relative low-cost method to reach a lot of people.

And with platforms like Attest, you can also reach specific target audiences, all around the world — something that’d be really expensive and time-consuming without the internet.

💡 Pro tip: Before you launch a survey, decide whether you need a one-time snapshot (cross-sectional) or you want to track change over time (longitudinal). Use this guide to cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys to pick the right approach.

Observation

How do people move in a shopping mall, or around a website? With observation, you can map out your target market behaviours and patterns that are harder to capture in surveys.

This is because often people aren’t even aware of what they habitually do. Later on, you can supplement this information with surveys or information to put their behaviours into context.

Good market research is best used alongside other data and insights, to make sure you get a comprehensive picture of your consumers and market. 

Experiments

Another great way to gather information on behaviours is by conducting experiments. In the marketing world this is often done to determine what the right pricing strategy is.

Interviews

Sometimes you might need super specific insights from your target customers and surveys just won’t give you the personal detail you need, and perhaps you have a lot of follow-up questions. Interviews with individuals should help you with this. 

In this case, it’s all the more important that you select the right people to talk to, because conducting and analysing interviews is a time-consuming and costly process.

Focus groups

From a focus group, you can get similar information that you’d get from interviews, but you might get something extra out of thanks to the interaction between small groups of participants.

Again, it’s crucial that you carefully pick the people that will take part in this method. 

💡 Pro tip: Not sure whether focus groups or surveys are the right fit for your research? Check out our guide to online surveys vs focus groups to see how each method stacks up and when to use them.

Secondary market research

Secondary research, also called desk research—because you can do it from your desk—is using research conducted by someone else. 

You’ll be using data which can come from a wide variety of sources—which makes it all the more important that you thoroughly vet those sources. 

Benefits of secondary research

✔️ Explore ideas and test assumptions early

A big benefit of secondary research is that you can use it in the early stages of your research to test certain assumptions and hypotheses, before you invest time and money in using primary research methods to complete the research. 

You can use data that already exists to close the gaps in knowledge and determine the direction of your research.

✔️ It can be more cost-effective

A Google search is free! Of course, you might stumble upon some reports or research that comes with a paywall, but often this is still a lot cheaper than having to conduct your own research (bear in mind though that because it’s not your own original research, it might not answer the specific queries you have at that time). 

✔️ Tap into a world of information

If you know where to look and what keywords to use, you’ll be able to do a substantial part of your research using only data that’s already in the public domain.

ℹ️ We’ll list some sources that we recommend using below, to give you a head start. Bookmark them for easy access! 

✔️ Save time on your primary research

It’s likely that a lot of information you’re looking for is already available and you might not need to ask your respondents unnecessary questions. 

At the same time, this will prevent you from duplicating information. Be careful to not use data too loosely though: make sure it is relevant and recent—otherwise it might still be wiser to do your own research.

✔️ Conduct research from anywhere 

Its literally called desk research—so you won’t have to go anywhere, or hire someone else to do it. Secondary research comes with a warning sign though—don’t think it’s easy to find information and to interpret it the right way. 

At the end of the day, you are using data that was collected for a different purpose than your own, so you will always need to put it into perspective.

How to conduct secondary research

What are some good places to go hunt for data when conducting secondary research? Of course, that depends on your market and research goals. We’ll list some good sources below to help you get started.

Research databases

If you’re using a regular search engine, you can find all kinds of articles that are presented as research, but ultimately aren’t.

If you’re looking for more high-quality information with a little more background on how the research was conducted, we recommend research databases such as:

• Google Scholar 
• Science.gov
• ResearchGate

Using AI for secondary market research

The challenge isn’t just finding secondary data but processing the vast amounts available. AI-powered research assistants can now scan, analyze, and synthesize information from thousands of sources simultaneously.

Tools like ChatGPT’s Deep Research can generate comprehensive, fully-cited reports that connect insights across disparate sources, helping researchers identify non-obvious connections and trends.

This significantly reduces the time spent on data collection and initial analysis, allowing researchers to focus on interpreting findings and developing strategic recommendations. Just make sure to check it’s accuracy—just like humans, it can make mistakes.

Other handy sources

You don’t necessarily have to comb through scientific papers to find valuable information for your market research. These sites give you great bite-sized data that’s easy tounderstand: 

• Google Trends
• Statista
• McKinsey

Government reports

Governments are prominent market research users. After all, governments need to know what’s really happening in their economies. They often publish research reports on certain industries and population segments.

The benefit of using these as secondary sources is that they are relevant to specific countries and that you can often trust that government agencies know how to do their research—after all, they are using this information to base decisions for the entire country on.

Books

Last but not least: don’t forget that books are also a valid source. Not when it comes to trends of course, but for theoretical frameworks, books are often a trustworthy option.  

When to use primary vs secondary market research

There’s a time and place for everything: so when do you use primary research, and when is secondary research the right choice? Here we’ll explain instances when you may wish to choose one method of research over the other.

When to use secondary research data

Here are some scenarios in which secondary data is the right choice. Keep in mind, it all depends on the availability of the research: 

• When you are still determining the goal or roadmap of your research, and looking to fill gaps in knowledge
• When a recent and relevant research is available, and you can use parts of this as a base for your new research
• When you are looking for a low-cost way to find data that supports your assumptions.

When primary research fills the gaps

Unlike secondary research, primary research focuses solely on your topic and questions. This is necessary when:

• When you are following up on existing research
• When information from secondary research has proven to be false, outdated or incomplete
• When you are researching a new idea or product in a market that doesn’t exist yet or is still emerging.

Make market research work for your business

Here at Attest, we have market research for breakfast, lunch, and dinner—and then some in between.

We’ve designed our platform to take the hassle out of collecting good-quality primary research. We help you select super-relevant respondents and our team is always on stand-by to help you create an effective, to-the-point survey. 

Ready to start collecting insights in hours, not days or weeks? See how Attest can help you propel your brand.

FAQs about primary and secondary research